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title = 'Linux'
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date = 2024-02-08T21:38:20+01:00
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draft = true
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{{< toc >}}
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# Notes and source
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Notes based on: <https://geek-university.com/course/free-linux-course/> (as of 2020)
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**This page is the only English one, as it's the only learning resource we used that is not in German!**
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# Important directories
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- `/boot` -> boot files
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- `/bin` -> pre-installed executables
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- `/dev` -> devices (i.e. hard drive, etc.)
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- `/sbin` -> pre-installed executables that require root
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- `/etc` -> configuration
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- `/home` -> user data
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- `/lib` -> shared libraries
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- `/media` -> removable media
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- `/usr` -> shared data (i.e. wallpapers, fonts, applications, etc.)
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- `/var` -> variable data (i.e. logs, etc.)
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- `/tmp` -> temporary data (gets wiped at boot)
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# How to install Linux
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- Go to official website
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- Download ISO
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- Flash USB-Drive
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- Boot into ISO (boot order or one-time boot menu)
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- Install
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# Shell
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- Interprets commands
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- Run via terminal emulator
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- Examples:
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- bash
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- zsh
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- korn shell (ksh)
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# Bash
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- Standard shell on most systems
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- "Bourne Again SHell"
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# Links
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- Soft / hard links
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- Soft link = symlink
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- Symlink = points to file or directory
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- Hard link = points to inode (place on hd/ssd)
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- `ln`
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# Wildcards
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- `?` -> any single character
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- `*` -> any string of any length
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- `[ ]` -> any single character mentioned in the brackets
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# Streams
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- 3 streams
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- Standard input (STDIN)
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- Standard output (STDOUT)
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- Standard error (STDERR)
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# Redirection
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| Symbol | Redirects to / from |
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|--------|-------------------------------------------------------|
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| > | redirect stdout to file (create/overwrite) |
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| >> | redirect stdout to file (create/append) |
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| 2> | redirect stderr to file (create/overwrite) |
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| &> | redirect stdout and stderr to file (create/overwrite) |
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| < | redirect file to stdin (create/overwrite) |
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| << | redirect file to stdin (create/append) |
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# Piping
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`command1 | command2`
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- output of command1 used as stdin for command2
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# Some noteworthy commands
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## Sort
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`sort file.txt`
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Sorts files alphabetically. See `man sort` for more info
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## Find
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`find [path] [expression]`
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Searches directories and sub-directories for files. See `man find` for more info
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## Locate
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`locate [pattern]`
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Searches for files (less complicated than find). See `man locate` for more info
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## Word count
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`cat file | wc`
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Counts words, lines, etc in files. See `man wc` for more info
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## File
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`file file.extension`
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Takes an "educated guess", what type of file `file.extension` is
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## Head / Tail
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`cat file | head` and `cat file / tail`
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Show only a select number of lines, starting at the top (head) or at the bottom (tail)
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See `man head` and `man tail` for more info
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## Tar
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Is used to compress/extract folders and files. See `man tar` for more info
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# Processes
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## Interfacing with processes
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- ps
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- htop
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- kill
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- killall
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## Signals
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Signals are sent to processes to "tell" them what to do. Most important signals:
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| Signal | Description |
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|---------|---------------------------------------|
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| SIGKILL | forcefully stop process |
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| SIGTERM | stop process and associated processes |
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| SIGSTOP | pause process |
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| SIGCONT | continue process |
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# Installing applications
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- Depends on distro
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| Distro | Package command |
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|--------|-----------------|
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| Debian | apt |
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| RedHat | yum |
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| Arch | pacman |
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| Gentoo | emerge |
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# User management
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Commands: `usermod`, `groupmod`
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## /etc/passwd
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`username:password:UID:GID:comment:homedir:login shell`
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# Permissions
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- 3 permissions
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- `r` -> read
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- `w` -> write
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- `x` -> execute
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- 3 classes
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- Owner
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- Group
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- Rest
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Arranged like this:
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```
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| owner | group | other |
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| r | w | x | r | w | x | r | w | x |
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```
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# File systems
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Handles the way that data is stored. Linux is compatible with a lot of them:
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- ext4 (deprecated: ext3 / ext2 / ext)
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- BtrFS
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- ReiserFS
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- XFS
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- ZFS
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- FAT
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