217 lines
4.4 KiB
Markdown
217 lines
4.4 KiB
Markdown
+++
|
|
title = 'Grundlagen'
|
|
date = 2024-02-08T21:33:12+01:00
|
|
draft = false
|
|
weight = 30
|
|
+++
|
|
|
|
{{< style_regular >}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
{{< toc >}}
|
|
|
|
*Notiz: Kapitel mit Praxisübungen, etc. übersprungen*
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Kapitel 2.4: Wichtige Netzwerk-Kürzel und deren Bedeutung
|
|
| Abkürzung | Bedeutung |
|
|
|-----------|---------------------------------------------|
|
|
| LAN | Local Area Network |
|
|
| ISO | International Standardization Organization |
|
|
| MAN | Metropolian Area Network |
|
|
| WAN | Wide Area Network |
|
|
| GAN | Global Area Network |
|
|
| PowerLAN | Powerline Communications Local Area Network |
|
|
| WLAN | Wireless Local Area Network |
|
|
| VLAN | Virtual Local Area Network |
|
|
| NAS | Network Attached Storage |
|
|
| SAN | Storage Area Network |
|
|
| VPN | Virtual Private Network |
|
|
| NFS | Network File System |
|
|
| SMB | Server Message Block |
|
|
| CIFS | Common Internet File System |
|
|
| RAID | Redundant Array of Independet Disks |
|
|
| SCSI | Small Computer System Interface |
|
|
| iSCSI | Internet Small Computer System Interface |
|
|
| IP | Internet Protocol |
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Kapitel 2.5: Gründe und Ziele einer Vernetzung
|
|
- Verbesserte Kommunikation
|
|
- Datenverbund
|
|
- Datensicherung
|
|
- Kostensenkung
|
|
- Verfügbarkeit
|
|
- Wartung
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Kapitel 3: Topologien
|
|
## Unterschied logisch/physisch
|
|
**Logisch**: Regeln (=> Protokolle)
|
|
|
|
**Physisch**: Kabelverlegung
|
|
|
|
## Bus
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Stern
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Ring
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Kapitel 4: Übertragungsmedien
|
|
## Masseinheiten
|
|
### Übertragungsraten
|
|
- Baud
|
|
- Bit/s
|
|
- Byte/s
|
|
- Kbit/s
|
|
- Kbyte/s
|
|
- Mbit/s
|
|
- Mbyte/s
|
|
- Gbit/s
|
|
|
|
### Speichereinheiten
|
|
- Bit
|
|
- Byte
|
|
- Kilobyte
|
|
- Kibibyte
|
|
- Megabyte
|
|
- Mebibyte
|
|
- Gigabyte
|
|
- Gibibyte
|
|
- Terabyte
|
|
- Tebibite
|
|
- Petabyte
|
|
- Pebibyte
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Schnittstellen
|
|
## Netzwerk
|
|
- RJ-45
|
|
- SFP
|
|
|
|
## Andere
|
|
- USB
|
|
- FireWire
|
|
- Thunderbolt
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Kapitel 7: Arbeitsweise lokaler Netze
|
|
## Ethernet
|
|
### Normen
|
|
- 100Base-TX
|
|
- 100Base-T4
|
|
- 100Base-FX
|
|
- 1000Base-T
|
|
- 1000Base-SX
|
|
- 1000Base-LX
|
|
- 1000Base-ZX
|
|
- 10GBase-T
|
|
- 10GBase-SR
|
|
- 10GBase-LR
|
|
- 100GBase-SR10
|
|
- 100GBase-LR4
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Kapitel 8: Betriebssysteme und Server
|
|
## Linux
|
|
**Wichtige Distributionen**
|
|
|
|
- Debian
|
|
- Ubuntu
|
|
- Mint
|
|
- Red Hat
|
|
- Fedora
|
|
- CentOS
|
|
- SUSE / openSUSE
|
|
- Arch
|
|
- Gentoo
|
|
|
|
## Unix
|
|
**Wichtige Variationen / Abspaltungen**
|
|
|
|
- OpenBSD
|
|
- MacOS
|
|
- Solaris
|
|
- ATX
|
|
- HP-UX
|
|
|
|
## Windows
|
|
**Desktop**
|
|
|
|
- Windows 10
|
|
- Windows 11
|
|
|
|
**Server**
|
|
|
|
- Windows Server 2016
|
|
- Windows Server 2019
|
|
- Windows Server 2022
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Kapitel 10: Normen und Modelle
|
|
## ISO
|
|
- *International Standardization Organisation*
|
|
- <https://www.iso.org>
|
|
|
|
## IEEE
|
|
- *Institute of Electrical and Electronical Engineering*
|
|
- <https://www.ieee.org>
|
|
- Projektgruppe 802 (=> Netzwerk/Internet)
|
|
|
|
## ITU
|
|
- *International Telecommunication Union*
|
|
- <https://www.itu.int>
|
|
|
|
## IETF
|
|
- *International Engineering Task Force*
|
|
- <https://www.ietf.org>
|
|
|
|
## ICANN
|
|
- *Internet Corporation for Assigned names and Numbers*
|
|
- <https://icann.org>
|
|
|
|
## IANA
|
|
- *Internet Assigned Numbers Authority*
|
|
- <https://iana.org>
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Kapitel 11: Protokolle
|
|
## Port-Kategorien
|
|
| Start | Ende | Name |
|
|
|--------|--------|-------------------------|
|
|
| 0 | 1023 | Well-known ports |
|
|
| 1024 | 49 151 | Registered ports |
|
|
| 49 152 | 65 535 | Dynamic / private ports |
|
|
|
|
## Private IP-Adressbereiche
|
|
| Start | Ende | Anzahl Hosts |
|
|
|-------------|-----------------|--------------|
|
|
| 10.0.0.0 | 10.255.255.255 | ~16.8 Mio |
|
|
| 172.16.0.0 | 172.32.255.255 | ~1 Mio |
|
|
| 192.168.0.0 | 192.168.255.255 | ~ 65.5 Tsd. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Kapitel 12.4 VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network
|
|
## Definition
|
|
- Logische Isolation von Netzwerken innerhalb eines grösseren Netzwerkes
|
|
- Alle VLANs haben eine VLAN-ID
|
|
- IEEE 802.1Q
|
|
- Meist auf Switch konfiguriert
|
|
- Portbasiertes VLAN
|
|
- Dynamisches VLAN
|
|
- MAC-VLAN
|
|
- Protokollbasiertes VLAN
|
|
|
|
## Vorteile
|
|
- Sicherheit
|
|
- Fleixibilität
|
|
- Priorisierung (=> höhere Effizienz)
|
|
|
|
# Quelle
|
|
<https://shop.herdt.com/de/product/NW_2019>
|
|
|
|
Obligatorische Kapitel: *2.4*, *2.5*, *2.6*, *4.9*, *12.4* |